PASSIVE VOICE - CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG
I. Active and passive sentences.
Form:
S + to be + Past Participle (+ by + agent) |
1. Cách chuyển sang câu bị độngLấy tân ngữ (object) của câu chủ động làm chủ ngữ của của câu bị độngĐổi động từ chủ động thành động từ bị động (be + past participle)Chủ ngữ của câu chủ động thành tác nhân (agent) của câu bị động và trước nó phải có giới từ byChủ ngữ I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they, one, people, someone, somebody trong câu thường được bỏ, không dùng trong câu bị động2. Câu bị động với các thì.3. Các nội động từ không có dạng bị động.
- Table:
Tense Active structure Passive structure Hiện tại đơn S + V(s/ es/ bare)People speak English here S + am/ is/ are + ppEnglish is spoken here Hiện tại tiếp diễn S + am/ is/ are + V_ingThey are building a new house S + am/ is/ are + being + ppA new house is being built Hiện tại hoàn thành S + have/ has+ ppWe have cleaned our car S + have/ has + been ppOur car has been cleaned. Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn S + have/ has been V_ingI have been writing this letter for 2 hours S + have/ has + been being ppThis letter has been being written for two hours Quá khứ đơn S + V ed/ V2Some one cleaned the room yesterday S + was/ were + ppThe room was cleaned yesterday Quá khứ tiếp diễn S + was/ were + V_ingThey were making a cake when I arrived S + was/ were + being ppA cake was being made when I arrived. Quá khứ hoàn thành S + had ppThey had sold all cars when I came S + had been ppAll car had been sold when I came. Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn S had been V_ingBy last month we had been building the house for 3 weeks S had been being ppBy last month the house had been being built for three weeks. Tương lai đơn S + will + V_ infinitiveThe government will pass the new law next month S + will be ppThe new law will be passed by the government next month Tương lai tiếp diễn S + will be V_ingShe will be singing a song when the prime minister comes in S + will be being ppA song will be being sung when the prime minister comes in. Tương lai hoàn thành S + will have ppBy next month I will have written three novels S + will have been ppBy next month three novels will have been written by me. Tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn I will have been V_ingBy next month we will have been building the house for three months. S will have been being ppBy next month the house will have been being built for three months. Be going to S + be going to + V_ infinitiveThey are going to build a new school here S + be going to + be ppA new school is going to be built here Modal verbs S + modal verb + V_infinitiveThe manager must sign the cheque S + model verb + be ppThe cheque must be signed by the manager.
4. By or with
–Nếu người, vật trực tiếp gây ra hành động ta dùng by
–Để chỉ đồ vật, công cụ, nguyên liệu được sử dụng ta dùng With thay cho By
Eg: The bird was shot by the hunter.
The bird was shot with a gun.
The room was filled with smoke.
5. Không có dạng bị động của: fit, suit, have, die, lack, resemble, look, like,....
6. Vị trí của trạng từ hoặc cụm trạng từ.
- Trạng từ chỉ cách thức thường đứng giữa to be và PII.
Eg: The problem has been carefully studied by the scientists.
- Trạng từ hoặc cụm trạng từ đứng trước agent.Eg: He was found in the forest by the police.- Trạng từ hoặc cụm trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn đứng sau by+ agent.Eg: The report was typed by the secretary this morning.- Các trạng từ khác thường đứng sau trợ động từ đầu tiênEg: She had never been promoted if she wouldn’t have changed her job7. To get + P2: get washed/ dressed/ prepared/ lost/ married/ divorced… (Chủ ngữ tự làm lấy việc gì hoặc tình huống đang gặp phải.)8. Made of – Made from – Made out of.Made of: Được làm bằng (chất liệu): Nguyên liệu không bị biến đổi khỏi trạng thái ban đầu sau khi làm ra vậtThe table is made of wood.Made from: Nguyên liệu bị biến đổi khỏi trạng thái ban đầu.Paper is made from wood.Made out of: quá trình.This cake was made out of floor, milk, egg and sugar.
II. Special cases.
1. Verbs with two object.
Allow, award, ask, buy, give, sell, send, show, pay, promise, tell, offer, teach, refuse, write…
Subject | Verb | Object 1 | Object 2 | |
Active | He | gave | the polite | the information. |
Passive | The polite | was given | the information | by him. |
Passive | The information | was given | to the polite | by him. |
2. Verb + Object + To Infinitive.
Like, Hate, Love, Want, Wish, Prefer, Hope,… + O + V
Passive form:
S + V + O + to be + Past Participle. |
Note: Nếu tân ngữ của động từ nguyên mẫu cùng chỉ một đối tượng với chủ ngữ của câu thì dạng động từ được thành lập không có tân ngữ.He wants somebody to take some photographs.He wants some photographs to be taken.She expects them to finish all the questions.She expects all the questions to be finished.
S + V + to be + Past Participle. |
He likes people to call him ‘Sir’
He likes to be called ‘Sir’
I prefer you to call me by my first name
I prefer to be called by my first name.
Ask, Tell, Request, Order, Advice, Invite, Allow + O + V
S + Passive verb + to V |
She invited us to come to her party.
We were invited to come to her party.
The boss doesn’t allow her to use to the phone.
She isn’t allowed to use the phone.
3. Verb + Object + V (bare)
Fell, See, Watch, Notice, Hear, Listen to + O + V (bare)
S + passive verb + to V |
We saw them go out of the house.
They were seen to go out of the house.
I heard him run upstairs.
He was heard to run upstairs.
Make, Help
I was made to write an essay.
Let
I was let go out. (I was allowed to go out)
I was made to write an essay.
Let
I was let go out. (I was allowed to go out)
4. Verb + Object + Gerund.
S+ passive verb + Ving |
He kept me waiting.
I was kept waiting.
The guard stopped me entering the room.
I was stopped entering the room by the guard.
He doesn’t like people laughing at him.
He doesn’t like being laughed at.
I remember someone giving me a toy drum on my birthday.
I remember being given a toy drum on my birthday.
5. Verb + To Verb/ Gerund + Object
Advise, Agree, Insist, Arrange, Suggest, Propose, Recommend, Determine, Decide, Demand, Beg… + To Verb/ Gerund + O
Passive voice:
S+ V + that + S + should be done |
He suggested selling the shop.
He suggested the shop should be sold.
He decided to take the children to the zoo.He decided that the children should be taken to the zoo.
6. Verb + Object + Object Compliment.
We elected Mr. John president.
Mr. John was elected president.We believed him innocent.
He was believed innocent.
7. Verb + That + Clause.
Agree, Allege, Announce, Assume, Hope, Believe, Claim, Consider, Estimate, Expect, Fell, Find, Know, Report, Rumor, Say, Think, Understand,….
S + passive verb + to V It + passive verb + that …. |
Note:
- Nếu hành động trong mệnh đề phụ xảy ra đồng thời, hoặc sau thời điểm xảy ra hành động trong mệnh đề chính -> sử dụng to-infinitive
People say that he is a good doctor.
It is said that he is a good doctor
He is said to be a good doctor.
- Nếu hành động trong mệnh đề phụ xảy ra trước hành động trong mệnh đề chính -> sử dụng to have PP
We know that he was a spy.
It is known that he was a spy
He is known to have been a spy.
- People say that he is earning a lot of money.
It is said that he is earning a lot of money.
He is said to be earning a lot of money.
8. Imperative sentences.
Let + O + be + PII. |
Write your name here.
Let your name be written here.
Don’t make so much noise.Let not so much noise be made
Don’t let so much noise be made.
9. The causative clause.
ActiveS + have + Object (person) + do something S + get + Object (person) + to do something |
S + have + O (thing) + PP + by O S + get + O (thing) + PP + by O |
I’ll will have to get another key made.
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